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Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)

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Oenothera Biennis, or more commonly know as Common Evening Primrose, is a forb/herb (a forb/herb is a non-woody plant that is not a grass) with green foliage and yellow flowers of the genus Oenothera. It has a rapid growth rate and a height of 5 feet at maturity. Its duration is biennial or bi-annual which means it can grow or bloom twice, in the first year and the following year. It's active growth period is spring summer fall, blooms during late spring, is intolerant of shade and is routinely available commercially. Oenothera Biennis or Common Evening Primrose's floral region is North America US Lower 48, specifically in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin.

  • Category: Dicot
  • Genus: Oenothera
  • Family: Onagraceae
  • Order: Myrtales
  • Class: Magnoliopsida
  • Division: Magnoliophyta
  • Duration: Biennial
  • Growth Habit: Forb/herb
  • Native Status: L48 (N) CAN (N)
  • PLANTS Invasive Status: KY NE&GP SWSS
  • National Wetland Indicator Status: FACU- FACU+
  • Regional Wetland Indicator Status: 1(FACU-) 2(FACU) 3(FACU) 4(FACU) 5(FACU) 6(FACU+) 8(FACU) 9(FACU)
  • Active Growth Period: Spring Summer Fall
  • After Harvest Regrowth Rate: Slow
  • Allelopath: No
  • Bloat: None
  • C:N Ratio: Medium
  • Coppice Potential: No
  • Fall Conspicuous: No
  • Fire Resistance: No
  • Flower Color: Yellow
  • Flower Conspicuous: Yes
  • Foliage Color: Green
  • Foliage Porosity Summer: Dense
  • Foliage Porosity Winter: Porous
  • Foliage Texture: Coarse
  • Fruit/Seed Color: Brown
  • Fruit/Seed Conspicuous: No
  • Growth Form: Single Crown
  • Growth Rate: Rapid
  • Height Mature (feet): 5
  • Leaf Retention: No
  • Lifespan: Short
  • Low Growing Grass: No
  • Resprout Ability: No
  • Shape and Orientation: Erect
  • Toxicity: None
  • Adapted to Coarse Textured Soils: Yes
  • Adapted to Fine Textured Soils: Yes
  • Adapted to Medium Textured Soils: Yes
  • Anaerobic Tolerance: None
  • CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium
  • Cold Stratification Required: No
  • Drought Tolerance: Medium
  • Fertility Requirement: Medium
  • Fire Tolerance: Low
  • Frost Free Days Minimum: 120
  • Hedge Tolerance: None
  • Moisture Use: Medium
  • pH (Minimum): 5
  • pH (Maximum): 7
  • Precipitation (Minimum): 20
  • Precipitation (Maximum): 55
  • Root Depth Minimum (inches): 10
  • Salinity Tolerance: None
  • Shade Tolerance: Intolerant
  • Temperature Minimum (°F): -28
  • Bloom Period: Late Spring
  • Commercial Availability: Contracting Only
  • Fruit/Seed Abundance: High
  • Fruit/Seed Period Begin: Summer
  • Fruit/Seed Period End: Fall
  • Fruit/Seed Persistence: Yes
  • Propagated by Bare Root: No
  • Propagated by Bulbs: No
  • Propagated by Container: No
  • Propagated by Corms: No
  • Propagated by Cuttings: No
  • Propagated by Seed: Yes
  • Propagated by Sod: No
  • Propagated by Sprigs: No
  • Propagated by Tubers: No
  • Seed per Pound: 1376000
  • Seed Spread Rate: Moderate
  • Seedling Vigor: High
  • Small Grain: No
  • Vegetative Spread Rate: None


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